Closes Homebrew/homebrew#17383. Closes Homebrew/homebrew#17384.

Fixes Homebrew/homebrew#17379.

We skip build-time deps when installing from bottles. However, the
current logic only considers the root, rather than the actual dependent
formula. Given

  A (bottled)
  |__B (not bottled)
     |__C (build-time)

C will be pruned from the effective dependency tree of A. This is wrong,
because C is required in order to build B.

Fix this by examining the current dependent rather than the root.

Fixes Homebrew/homebrew#17356.

Closes Homebrew/homebrew#17338.

Signed-off-by: Jack Nagel <jacknagel@gmail.com>

Since 'gcc' is a symlink to 'llvm-gcc' on Xcode 4.3+, --use-gcc and
--use-llvm were doing exactly the same thing. Combined with the
previous commit, this allows users with either a leftover
/usr/bin/gcc-4.2 or a homebrewed apple-gcc42 to build with gcc.

This doesn't however fix Xcode-only systems with apple-gcc42.

Fixes Homebrew/homebrew#17243.

xcrun has a lot of fallbacks if the first case fails but never actually
reaches them on CLT systems since it doesn't check the validity of the
first path before executing it.

(When should it reach these? Mainly for non-Xcode compilers we
support, e.g. apple-gcc42 which can be found by xcrun but which isn't
in /usr/bin)

The xcrun invocation also needed chomping.

Given

  depends_on 'gnutls' => :recommended
  depends_on 'libgcrypt' unless build.without? 'gnutls'

the dependency on libgcrypt should be enabled by default. However, the
corresponding option has not yet been generated, so the condition is
true and the dependency is disabled.

Instead, add a hook method that fires after each depends_on and adds the
appropriate option.

c.f. Homebrew/homebrew#17327.

Fixes Homebrew/homebrew#17326.

Yes, the formula object does refer to a version that has not yet been
installed, but we were not looking into Formula#prefix, but #linked_keg,
which is version agnostic (since the original patch was committed, we
Tab#for_formula learned to look into #opt_prefix as well). The rest of
the logic is already embedded in the Tab accessors.

This way they can be skipped when installing bottles.

Now that FormulaInstaller does dependency expansion the _right_ way,
avoid duplicating the logic in upgrade. Instead, offload it to the
installer, which will generate an exception in check_install_sanity that
we can safely ignore when formulae in the outdated list are upgraded as
part of the dependency tree of another outdated formula.

The array of options that is passed to the spawned build process is a
combination of the current ARGV, options passed in by a dependent
formula, and an existing install receipt. The objects that are
interacting here each expect the resulting collection to have certain
properties, and the expectations are not consistent.

Clear up this confusing mess by only dealing with Options collections.
This keeps our representation of options uniform across the codebase.

We can remove BuildOptions dependency on HomebrewArgvExtension, which
allows us to pass any Array-like collection to Tab.create. The only
other site inside of FormulaInstaller that uses the array is the #exec
call, and there it is splatted and thus we can substitute our Options
collection there as well.

Formulae can now pass build options to dependencies. The following
syntax is supported:

  depends_on 'foo' => 'with-bar'
  depends_on 'foo' => ['with-bar', 'with-baz']

If a dependency is already installed but lacks the required build
options, an exception is raised. Eventually we may be able to just stash
the existing keg and reinstall it with the combined set of used_options
and passed options, but enabling that is left for another day.

Move Formula.expand_dependencies into the Dependency class, and extend
it to allow arbitrary filters to be applied when enumerating deps.

When supplied with a block, expand_dependencies will yield a [dependent,
dependency] pair for each dependency, allowing callers to filter out
dependencies that may not be applicable or useful in a given situation.

Deps can be skipped by simple calling Dependency.prune in the block,
e.g.:

  Dependency.expand_dependencies do |f, dep|
    Dependency.prune if dep.to_formula.installed?
  end

The return value of the method is the filtered list.

If no block is supplied, a default filter that omits optional or
recommended deps based on what the dependent formula has requested is
applied.

Formula#recursive_dependencies is now implemented on top of this,
allowing FormulaInstaller to exact detailed control over what deps are
installed. `brew missing` and `brew upgrade` can learn to use this to
apply the installed options set when expanding dependencies.

Move Formula.expand_deps and Formula#recursive_deps into compat, because
these methods do not respect the new optional and recommended tags and
thus should no longer be used.

Optional deps are not installed by default but generate a corresponding
"with-foo" option for the formula. Recommended deps _are_ installed by
default, and generate a corresponding "without-foo" option.

FormulaInstaller now attempts to take a lock on a "foo.brewing" file for
the formula and all of its dependencies before attempting installation.

The lock is an advisory lock implemented using flock(), and as such it
only locks out other processes that attempt to take the lock. It also
means that it is never necessary to manually remove the lock file,
because the lock is not enforced by I/O.

The uninstall, link, and unlink commands all learn to respect this lock
as well, so that the installation cannot be corrupted by a concurrent
Homebrew process, and keg operations cannot occur simultaneously.